" Unlike the first three "filtering" mechanisms — which are derived from analysis of market mechanisms — flak is characterized by concerted and intentional efforts to manage public information. Flak from the powerful can be either direct or indirect . The direct could include the following hypothetical scenarios: Letters or phone calls from the White House to Dan Rather or William Paley Inqueries from the FCC to major television networks requesting documents used to plan and assemble a program Messages from irate executives representing advertising agencies or corporate sponsors to media officials threatening retaliation if not granted on-air reply time. The powerful can also work on the media indirectly by: Complaints delivered en masse to their own constituencies (e. g. , stockholders, employees) about media bias, Generation of mass advertising that does the same, By funding watchdog groups or think tanks engineered to expose and attack deviations in media coverage that endanger vital elite interests. By funding political campaigns that elect politicians who will be more willing to curb any such media deviations. Decorators Home Model Anti-Ideologies; substitutes for anti-communism A final filter is anti-ideology. Anti-ideologies exploit public fear and hatred of groups that pose a potential threat, either real or imagined. "

" and Chomsky, Noam. Manufacturing Consent: the Political Economy of the Mass Media. New York: Pantheon Books, 1988. Herman, Edward S. 'The Propaganda Model: A Retrospective,' Against All Reason, December 9, 2003. Klaehn, Jeffery (ed. ) Filtering the News: Essays on Herman and Chomsky's Propaganda Model. Home Log Model Edinburgh: Black Rose, 2005. . "