" For a detailed description of the differences between fermions and bosons, see the article on identical particles. In the Standard Model, the theory of the electroweak interaction (which describes the weak and electromagnetic interactions) is combined with the theory of quantum chromodynamics . All of these theories are gauge theories, meaning that they model the forces between fermions by coupling them to bosons which mediate (or "carry") the forces. The Lagrangian of each set of mediating bosons is invariant under a transformation called a gauge transformation, so these mediating bosons are referred to as gauge bosons. The bosons in the Standard Model are: Unsolved problems in physics: Parameters in the Standard Model: What gives rise to the Standard Model of particle physics? Why do its particle masses and coupling constants possess the values we have measured? Does the Higgs boson predicted by the model really exist? Why are there three generations of particles in the Standard Model? Is the Standard Model reality, a good approximation to reality, or fatally flawed? Photons, which mediate the electromagnetic interaction. W and Z bosons, which mediate the weak nuclear force Eight species of gluons, which mediate the strong nuclear force. Six of these gluons are labelled as pairs of "colors" and "anti-colors" (for example, a gluon can carry "red" and "anti-green". Abercrombie Model Twins) The other two species are a more complex mix of colors and anti-colors. The Higgs bosons, which induce spontaneous symmetry breaking of the gauge groups and are responsible for the existence of inertial mass. "

" Finally, the authors examine what points of view they believe are expressed in the media. In one case, the authors examined over fifty of Stephen Kinzer's articles about Nicaragua in the New York Times. They criticize Kinzer for failing to quote a single person in Nicaragua who is pro-Sandinista and contrast this with polls that Chomsky and Herman cite as reporting a 9% support for all the opposition parties taken together. Based on this example and select others, the authors conclude that such a persistent bias can only be explained by a model like the one they advocate. Applications Since the publication of Manufacturing Consent, both Herman and Chomsky have adopted the theory and have given it a prominent role in their writings, lectures, and theoretical frameworks. Chomsky, in particular, has made extensive use of its explanative power to lend support to his own interpretations of mainstream media attitudes towards a wide array of events, including the following: Gulf War (1990) Panama invasion (1989) Iraq invasion (2003). Herman, seeking to build upon a more institutionalized framework to analyze mainstream media functioning, joined the media watchdog group Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting (FAIR), which has as its goal the critique, documentation, and statistical analysis of what it alleges is media bias and censorship since 1986. Abercrombie Model Call With the emergence of the World Wide Web as a cheap and potentially wide-ranging means of communication, a number of independent websites have surfaced which adopt the propaganda model to subject media to close scrutiny. Several examples of these are MediaLens, a British-based site authored by David Edwards and David Cromwell. "