" To understand how then models are used in more detail one needs to distinguish from each other the various reference modes in which the investigator puts the model with respect to the original. The reference modes that perhaps are most important in computing are: (1) descriptive, i . e. , the model describes the original. If the deviation from model to original cannot be tolerated then the model has to be changed. Analysis models are in a descriptive reference mode to their originals. (2) prescriptive, i. Boat Model Searchlightse. , the model prescribes the original. "

" The Bush administration spent $254 million in its first four years on contracts with public relations firms, more than double the amount spent by the Clinton administration. [1] [2] Flak The term "flak" has been used to describe what Chomsky and Herman see as targeted efforts to discredit organizations or individuals who disagree with or cast doubt on the prevailing assumptions which Chomsky and Herman view as favorable to established power (e. g. , "The Establishment"). Unlike the first three "filtering" mechanisms — which are derived from analysis of market mechanisms — flak is characterized by concerted and intentional efforts to manage public information. Flak from the powerful can be either direct or indirect. The direct could include the following hypothetical scenarios: Letters or phone calls from the White House to Dan Rather or William Paley Inqueries from the FCC to major television networks requesting documents used to plan and assemble a program Messages from irate executives representing advertising agencies or corporate sponsors to media officials threatening retaliation if not granted on-air reply time. Model Power Boat The powerful can also work on the media indirectly by: Complaints delivered en masse to their own constituencies (e. g. "