" 83, 1529 (1999). S . F. Novaes, Standard Model: An Introduction, hep-ph:0001283 I. Models are usually man-constituted. That justifies talking about their purpose prior to talking about their consistency. Models are used as substitutes for originals because properties of the latter are of interest and the originals are not going to be investigated themselves. Alana Model Portfolio There may be a number of reasons for that such as taboos preventing from studying the original itself, or inability, the involved cost in terms of resources or moral damage being intolerable, or similar. For an investigator I it makes only sense to consider an entity M as a substitute of an entity O, if I can (1) establish an analogy, similarity, or similar relation between M and O that permits the substitution of O by M with respect to purpose and means, time-horizon etc. "

" The fundamental fermions in the Standard Model are given in the table. Table Left handed fermions in the Standard Model Fermion (Left-handed) Symbol Electric charge Weak charge* Weak isospin Hypercharge Color charge* Mass** Generation 1 Electron e -1 2 -1/2 -1/2 1 0. 511 MeV Electron neutrino νe 0 2 +1/2 -1/2 1 < 50 eV Positron ec 1 1 0 1 1 0. 511 MeV Electron antineutrino 0 1 0 0 1 < 50 eV Up quark u +2/3 2 +1/2 +1/6 3 ~5 MeV *** Down quark d -1/3 2 -1/2 +1/6 3 ~10 MeV *** Anti-up antiquark uc -2/3 1 0 -2/3 ~5 MeV *** Anti-down antiquark dc +1/3 1 0 +1/3 ~10 MeV *** Generation 2 Muon μ -1 2 -1/2 -1/2 1 105. 6 MeV Muon neutrino νμ 0 2 +1/2 -1/2 1 < 0. 5 MeV Anti-Muon μc 1 1 0 1 1 105. 6 MeV Muon antineutrino 0 1 0 0 1 < 0. Jamie Model Portfolio5 MeV Charm quark c +2/3 2 +1/2 +1/6 3 ~1. 5 GeV Strange quark s -1/3 2 -1/2 +1/6 3 ~100 MeV Anti-charm antiquark cc -2/3 1 0 -2/3 ~1. "