" Rev. Lett . 83, 1529 (1999). S. F. Novaes, Standard Model: An Introduction, hep-ph:0001283 I. Models are usually man-constituted. Angeles Boat Los Model Sail That justifies talking about their purpose prior to talking about their consistency. Models are used as substitutes for originals because properties of the latter are of interest and the originals are not going to be investigated themselves. "

" [. . . ] [Y]ou take the examples they select to prove their position [. . . ] and you look at those examples to see whether they follow the Propaganda Model. Radio Control Model Sail Boat" (Understanding Power, 18f; emphasis in the original) And so the book studies the examples regarded as paradigmatic examples of the independence of the press, such as the Vietnam war, Watergate, and the Iran-Contra Affair, and argues that these examples actually confirm the model. They also looked at what they perceived as naturally-occurring "historical control groups" where two events, similar in their relevant properties but differing in the expected media attitude towards them, are contrasted using objective measures such as coverage of key events (measured in column inches) or editorials favoring a particular issue (measured in number). "