" (2) a domain of individuals or universe of discourse has to be established and the individuals within that domain are supposed to be capable of being distinguished from each other by means of their condition in that organization or particular handles available to a user of that model. III . The original of a model may itself be physical or conceptual. It may be so, independently of the consistency of the model. The model in the arts for example can be understood as an individual that functions as a proxy for certain aspects of a concept such as man, men, woman, child, etc. or as one of these under particular conditions. The original temporally or causally may be a predecessor of the original or a successor of it depending on the case at hand. Aircraft Carrier Model Ship War Often it will be such that historically there can be found an iteration of sequences of model constitution and original constitution. One should not miss out the point that the original as well must be constituted in some way so it becomes accessible to the modeling individual I. "

", "The Establishment"). Unlike the first three "filtering" mechanisms — which are derived from analysis of market mechanisms — flak is characterized by concerted and intentional efforts to manage public information. Flak from the powerful can be either direct or indirect. The direct could include the following hypothetical scenarios: Letters or phone calls from the White House to Dan Rather or William Paley Inqueries from the FCC to major television networks requesting documents used to plan and assemble a program Messages from irate executives representing advertising agencies or corporate sponsors to media officials threatening retaliation if not granted on-air reply time. The powerful can also work on the media indirectly by: Complaints delivered en masse to their own constituencies (e. g. , stockholders, employees) about media bias, Generation of mass advertising that does the same, By funding watchdog groups or think tanks engineered to expose and attack deviations in media coverage that endanger vital elite interests. Container Model Ship By funding political campaigns that elect politicians who will be more willing to curb any such media deviations. Anti-Ideologies; substitutes for anti-communism A final filter is anti-ideology. "