". ] and you look at those examples to see whether they follow the Propaganda Model . " (Understanding Power, 18f; emphasis in the original) And so the book studies the examples regarded as paradigmatic examples of the independence of the press, such as the Vietnam war, Watergate, and the Iran-Contra Affair, and argues that these examples actually confirm the model. They also looked at what they perceived as naturally-occurring "historical control groups" where two events, similar in their relevant properties but differing in the expected media attitude towards them, are contrasted using objective measures such as coverage of key events (measured in column inches) or editorials favoring a particular issue (measured in number). Finally, the authors examine what points of view they believe are expressed in the media. In one case, the authors examined over fifty of Stephen Kinzer's articles about Nicaragua in the New York Times. They criticize Kinzer for failing to quote a single person in Nicaragua who is pro-Sandinista and contrast this with polls that Chomsky and Herman cite as reporting a 9% support for all the opposition parties taken together. Collectible Model Airplane Based on this example and select others, the authors conclude that such a persistent bias can only be explained by a model like the one they advocate. Applications Since the publication of Manufacturing Consent, both Herman and Chomsky have adopted the theory and have given it a prominent role in their writings, lectures, and theoretical frameworks. "

"Handlexikon zur Wissenschaftstheorie; Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag; 1989; pp. 219 - 222. [2] Wieringa, R. J. ; "Algebraic foundations for dynamic conceptual models"; PhD dissertation Free University of Amsterdam; 17 May 1990. [3] Kaschek, R. ; "Modeling ontology use for information systems"; In: Althoff, K. Diesel Model Airplane Engine-D. & Dengel, A. "