" Complex web applications continue to be more difficult to design than traditional applications, and MVC is being pushed as a potential solution to these difficulties. Beware: many applications which claim to comply with this much misunderstood pattern in fact do not achieve the required separation of model and view . JavaServer Faces , Jakarta Struts and Webwork2 are currently the most popular web oriented MVC implementations. Struts works at a page level; JSF works at a component level . The WebObjects development/deployment environment is strongly based on MVC. Fusebox Mach-II Maypole Catalyst Tapestry ZNF Apache Cocoon Ruby on Rails General information Description in the Portland Pattern Repository Core J2EE Patterns - Front Controller Dicussion of JavaServer Pages Model 2 architecture MVC-Frameworks written in PHP () Holub, Allen: “Building user interfaces for object-oriented systems�, Java World, 1999. Gresh, John E. Model Airplane Airline: “The Collection Switch Design Pattern�, Rensselaer Computer Science Seminar, 2004, 2004. Specific implementations Applications Programming in Smalltalk-80(TM):How to use Model-View-Controller Fusebox Mach-II Maypole Catalyst Model Glue For Coldfusion References Frank Buschmann, Regine Meunier, Hans Rohnert, Peter Sommerlad, Machael Stal (1996) Pattern-Oriented Software Architecture, John Wiley and Sons. "

" The model should have no direct knowledge of the view. However, the observer pattern can be used to provide some indirection between model and view, allowing the model to notify interested parties of a change. A view object can register itself with the model and listen for changes but the model itself remains view-agnostic. The controller does not pass domain objects (the model) to the view although it might issue a command telling the view to update itself. The user interface waits for further user interactions, which begins the cycle anew. Benefits and liabilities Although widely used, MVC has both advantages and disadvantages compared to other design options, and individual circumstances should be used to choose the most appropriate design. We discuss some of those here. Indoor Model Airplane View instability vs. model stability If constructed correctly, models can enjoy a fair degree of stability (owing to the stability of the domain model), whereas user interface code usually undergoes frequent and sometimes dramatic change (typically because of usability problems, the need to support growing classes of users, or simply the need to keep the application looking "fresh"). "